Night World Daughters of Darkness Chapter 14 Free Essays

They strolled back to the corner store rapidly, their shoulders practically contacting. Mary-Lynnette found comfort in Rowan’s closeness, in her levelheadedness.She’d never had a companion who was completelyher equivalent, who discovered it as simple to deal with individuals as to be dealt with. We will compose a custom exposition test on Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 14 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now As they arrived at the service station, they could see thatthe little gathering was currently grouped around Mary Lynnette’s vehicle. Jeremy was peering under the hood.Mark and Jade were back, connected at the hip, however there was no indication of Tiggy. Kestrel was inclining toward a gas siphon, and Ash was conversing with Jeremy. â€Å"So the werewolf strolls into the second doctor’s office and he says, ‘Doc, I think I have rabies.’ Furthermore, the specialist says †¦Ã¢â‚¬  So much for feigning him, Mary-Lynnette thought. Rowan, eyes shut and bears strained, stated, â€Å"Ash,that isn’t funny.† She opened her eyes. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she said to Jeremy. â€Å"He doesn’t mean it.† â€Å"He does, yet it doesn’t matter. I’ve heard worse.† Jeremy twisted around the motor once more. He supplanted a top with cautious, even contorts. At that point he gazed toward Mary-Lynnette. Mary-Lynnette didn’t comprehend what to state. What’s the decorum when you’ve recently found that somebody’s a werewolf? What's more, that it might be their obligation to eat you? Her eyes filled. She was totally wild today. Jeremy turned away. He shook his head somewhat. His mouth was severe. â€Å"That’s what I figured. I thought you’d respond along these lines. Or then again I’d have disclosed to you myself quite a while ago.† â€Å"You would?† Mary-Lynnette’s vision cleared.†But-then you would experience gotten in difficulty. Right?† Jeremy grinned faintly. â€Å"Well, we’re not so much fanatics for Night World law around here.† He said it in a typical manner of speaking. Debris and the sisters glanced around reflexively. Mary-Lynnette stated, â€Å"‘We’?† â€Å"My family. They previously settled here on the grounds that it was so out of sight the way. A spot where they wouldn’t trouble anyone, and no one would trouble them. Obviously, they’re all gone at this point. There’s as it were me left.† He said it without self centeredness, yet Mary-Lynnette drew nearer. â€Å"I’m sorry.† Jade moved in on the opposite side, gleaming green eyeswide. â€Å"But that’s why we came here, as well! So no one would trouble us. We don’t like the Night World,either.† Jeremy gave another black out grin that grin thatshowed for the most part in his eyes. â€Å"I know,† he said to Jade. â€Å"You’re identified with Mrs. Burdock, aren’t you?† â€Å"She was our aunt,† Kestrel stated, her brilliant look fixed immovably on him. Jeremy’s articulation changed somewhat. He pivoted to take a gander at Kestrel straightforwardly. â€Å"‘Was’?† â€Å"Yes, shemet with a slight mishap including astake,† Ash said. â€Å"Funny how that happens a few times†¦.† Jeremy’s articulation changed once more. He looked as though he were inclining toward the vehicle for help. â€Å"Who did it?† Then he looked back at Ash, and Mary-Lynnette saw a sparkle of teeth. â€Å"Wait you figure I did. Don’t you?† â€Å"It crossed our brains at one point,† Ash said. â€Å"Actually, it appeared to continue crossing them. Back what's more, forward. Perhaps we should place in a crosswalk.† Mary-Lynnette stated, â€Å"Ash, stop it.† â€Å"So you’re saying you didn’t do it,† Mark said to Jeremy, simultaneously as Rowan stated, â€Å"Actually, Kestrel thinks it was a vampire hunter.† Her voice was delicate, yet by and by, everyone glanced around. The road was as yet abandoned. â€Å"There’s no vampire tracker around here,† Jeremy said straight. â€Å"Then there’s a vampire,† Jade said in an energized murmur. â€Å"There must be, in view of the way Auntie Opal was executed. What's more, the goat.† â€Å"The goat . . . ? No, don’t even let me know. I don’t wanttoknow.† Jeremy swung Mary-Lynnette’s hood shut. He took a gander at her and said rapidly, â€Å"Everything’s fine in there. You ought to get the oilchanged sometime.† Then he went to Rowan. â€Å"I’m sorry about your auntie. Be that as it may, if thereis a vampirearound here, it’s someone remaining covered up. Truly covered up. Same if it’s a vampire hunter.† â€Å"We effectively figured that out,† Kestrel said. MaryLynnette anticipated that Ash should ring in, however Ash was gazing over the road broodingly, his hands in hispockets, clearly having abandoned the discussion for the occasion. â€Å"You haven’t seen whatever could give you a due?† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"We were going to lookaround town.† He met her eyes straightforwardly. â€Å"If I knew, I’d tell you.† There was only the smallest accentuation on the final word. â€Å"If I could support you, I would.† â€Å"Well, join the party. You can put your head out of the window,† Ash stated, coming back to life. That did it. Mary-Lynnette walked over, grabbedhim by the arm, and said to the others, â€Å"Excuse us.† She pulled him in a progression of pulls to the rear of the service station. â€Å"You jerk!† â€Å"Oh, look†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"Shut upl†She hit a finger at his throat. It didn’t matter that contacting him set off electrical blasts. It just gave her another motivation to need to slaughter him. She found that the pink fog was a great deal like displeasure when you continued yelling through it. â€Å"You must be the focal point of each dramatization, don’t you? You must be the focal point of consideration, also, act brilliant, and mouth off l† â€Å"Ow,† Ash said. â€Å"Even in the event that it implies harming others. Regardless of whether itmeans harming someone who’s just had spoiled breaks for his entire life. All things considered, not this time.† â€Å"Ow â€Å"Rowan said you folks think all werewolves are low class. Also, you know what that is? Where I come from, they call that preference. What's more, people have it, as well, andit is certainly not a pretty picture. It’s about the most scornful thing on the planet. I’m embarrassed to try and remain there while you ramble it off.† Mary-Lynnette figured it out she was crying. She likewise understood that Mark and Jade were peering around the edge of the corner store. Debris was level against the blocked window, armsup in a motion of give up. He took a gander at a misfortune for words and embarrassed. Great, Mary-Lynnette thought. â€Å"Should you continue jabbing him that way?† Mark said probably. Mary-Lynnette could see Rowan andKestrel behind him and Jade. They all looked frightened. â€Å"I can’t be companions with anyone who’s a bigot,†she said to every one of them. She gave Ash a punch for accentuation. â€Å"We’re not,† Jade said virtuously.†Wedon’t be lieve that dumb stuff.† â€Å"We truly don’t,† Rowan said. â€Å"And Mary-Lynnette-our dad is alwaysyellingat Ash for visiting an inappropriate sort of individuals on the Outside. Having a place with a name that concedes werewolves, havingwerewolves for companions. The Elders all state he’s too liberal about that.† Goodness. â€Å"Well, he’s got an interesting method of indicating it,† Mary-Lynnette stated, flattening marginally. â€Å"I just idea I’d notice that,† Rowan said.†Now we’ll leave you alone.† She crowded the others back toward the front of the station. At the point when they were gone, Ash stated, â€Å"Can I move now, please?† He looked as though he was in an exceptionally awful mind-set. Mary-Lynnette surrendered. She felt tired, suddenlytired and genuinely depleted. An excessive amount of had occurred over the most recent couple of days. What's more, it continued occurring, it never let up, and †¦ well, she was drained, that’s all. â€Å"If you’d disappear soon, it would be easier,† shesaid, moving ceaselessly from Ash. She could feel her headsag marginally. â€Å"Mary-Lynnette . . .† There was something inAsh’s voice that she’d never heard. â€Å"Look it’s not actually a matter of me needing to go away.There’s another person from the Night World coming on Monday. His name is Quinn. What's more, if my sistersand I don’t return with him, the entire town is in inconvenience. On the off chance that he thinks anything unpredictable is going onhere †¦ You don’t realize what the Night Peoplecan do.† Mary-Lynnette could hear her heart thumping particularly. She didn’t turn around to take a gander at Ash. â€Å"They could clear Briar Creek out. I would not joke about this. They’ve done things like that, to safeguard the mystery. It’s the main insurance they have from your kind.† Mary-Lynnette said-not insubordinately, however with simpleconviction, â€Å"Your sisters aren’t going to leave.† â€Å"Then the entire town’s in a tough situation. There’s a roguewerewolf, three maverick lamia, and a mystery vampirekiller meandering around some place also twohumans who think about the Night World. This is a paranormal catastrophe area.† A long quiet. Mary-Lynnette was making a decent attempt not to see â€Å"things from Ash’s perspective. Atlast she stated, â€Å"So what do you need me to do?† â€Å"Oh, I don’t know, why don’t we as a whole host a pizza get-together and watch TV?† Ash sounded savage. â€Å"I haveno thought what to do,† he included progressively typical tones.†And you’d better trust I’ve been thinking about it. The main thing I can think of is that the girlshave to return with me, and we as a whole need to lie through our teeth to

Catholic Religion Against Birth Control Essay

Religion Against Birth Control The Catholic Church has had a restriction on anti-conception medication from the most punctual days of the Bible. The catholics accept that anti-conception medication is totally off-base, and a grave sin. Anti-conception medication has been around at any rate since the hours of the antiquated Greeks and Romans . During nowadays contraception came as creature skin condoms and different toxins to be utilized as spermicides (â€Å"Catholic Church Birth Control. â€Å"). Catholic devotees were advised to get each new conceived life as a blessing from God. The first ever referencing on prohibiting conception prevention is in the book of Genesis 8:8-10. The following notice on conception prevention being off-base is situated in the book of Deuteronomy 23:1 (â€Å"Catholic Church Birth Control. â€Å"). Catholic families were advised at that point to effectively look for in having the same number of youngsters as they can. The more kids that Catholic famil ies have, the more Catholics there are to spread that lifestyle and to pay the church’s tithes. The hindrance strategies for anti-conception medication, for example, the condom, the cervical top, the anti-conception medication pill and Depo Provera are thought to meddle with the demonstration of origination (â€Å"Epigee HOME. â€Å"). Keeping the egg from being treated by a sperm may ruin a womans pregnancy and stop the start of the pregnancy stage. Intentionally halting the joining of an egg and sperm is believed to be a wrongdoing, along these lines these types of conception prevention are not acknowledged. From that point forward Catholic pioneers have gotten extremely enraged about the Obama human services law which is constraining Catholic schools, medical clinics, and good cause to purchase conception prevention pills, premature birth delivering medications, and sanitization inclusion for their representatives (Obama versus Catholics: The War on Religious Freedom. ) Barack Obama and Kathleen Sebelius feel that the congregation isn't right, and that it should allow ladies access to contraception (maintain a strategic distance from pregnancy) in spite of their ethical restriction. The fight between the Catholic Church and the Obama organization has arrived in features today. As the congregation starts a battle against Obamas January twentieth Health and Human Services order that Catholic managers and protection organizations ought to give contraception, cleansing, and abortifacients to representatives and customers (Obama versus Catholics: The War n Religious Freedom. â€Å") In administering, the Administration has thrown away the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, denying Catholics the Nation’s first and most key opportunity, that of strict freedom. Thus, except if the standard is upset, Catholics will be power to either damage their hearts, or to drop wellbeing inclusion for their workers. There is no war on strict opportunity; there is, in any case, a war on ladies and a joined exertion to deny us our privileges to reasonable and approach treatment, under the camouflage of eligious opportunity. Regardless of whether we attempt to constrain the Catholic Church to offer an assistance that srikes on its precept in light of the fact that it’s a help we need, at that point we relinquish a holy opportunity. On the off chance that we are eager to leave opportunity for accomodation, at that point we have dismissed the genuine reason for which this nation was es tablished. Works Cited â€Å"Catholic Church Birth Control. † Lisa Shea. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. .

Causes of Civil War in the USA

Reasons for Civil War in the USA Presentation Civil war is the antagonistic vibe between contradicting political groups of a similar nation or inside a network (Sammis 1). Such threats are generally extremely harsh and the outcomes are critical. It brings about passings, depression and severe wounds.Many kids are rendered penniless, numerous individuals become impaired, ladies are assaulted and numerous men free lives.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Causes of Civil War in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The American common war kept going from 1861 to 1865 between the North and South. The south needed to withdraw from the North in view of apparently hopeless contrasts. During this period, numerous individuals were slaughtered, several thousands uprooted, kids presented to terrible scenes and many got physical wounds. What was abandoned was a lamenting populace with thousands grieving the passings of their friends and family, feeling vulnerable and oppressed. It is e valuated that during this very fight, there were more than 600,000 setbacks (Stoker 115). Examined underneath were the reasons for the common war in the United States America. Appointment of Abraham Lincoln as the President When Abraham Lincoln was in 1860 chosen as the leader of the United States of America, Some Southern states promptly proclaimed explanations behind partition. South Carolina had even singularly proclaimed their withdrawal before political decision (Selcer 99). This was trailed by different states, for example, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Lincoln was a moderate and was seen by the south as an individual to annul subjugation and consistently for Northern states Slavery The land that was gotten from Louisiana Purchase and that picked up from the Mexican war evoked numerous inquiries. This happened when America was incredibly extending its regions. There were various assessments with regards to whether the recently conceded states oug ht to be without slave or not. A trade off was reached in 1820 restricting subjugation in the states which were previously Louisiana Purchase. Struggle emerged during the Mexican war, the inquiry being what might befall the new states upon the triumph of the US in the war (Selcer 83). There was a lot of discussion and a trade off was reached in 1950 to adjust slave free States in the North and South. The Kansas-Nebraska demonstration of 1854 further declined pressures. The demonstration looked to make two new limits that would given the states opportunity to pick among servitude and abolitionist. This was trailed by the individuals of Missouri moving into province of Kansas to constrain it to be slave state bringing about savagery (Sammis 11).Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The battling that happened is broadly known as the ‘Bleeding Kansas’, the savagery further r eached out to the senate whereby the representative from the south who was an advocate of bondage battled that from the North who contradicted the demonstration. Financial Differences The Southern economy was horticultural relying a great deal upon cotton. With the development of a machine that facilitated the partition of seeds from cotton made cotton entirely beneficial and this even pulled in increasingly South ranchers to move from planting different yields to cotton. Developing of more cotton implied that a great deal of modest work was unavoidably vital. The wellspring of this work must be slaves. Hence, the south was so sincerely joined to slaves with the end goal that any notice of abolitionist from the North activated genuine showdowns. Their method for living was rustic based with the goal that they could be close to their homesteads and keep close watch on the slave workers. They kept up a great deal of social request inside their living frameworks and diverse social clas ses existed. Interestingly the economy of the northern individuals was mechanical based. Their wellsprings of crude materials were from their adversary South (Stoker 133). Their method for live was city based whereby individuals of various societies and social lived and cooperated in a similar situation and conditions. The wide differences among these individuals in land area, economy and public activity made negative mentality of contention towards one another. At the point when the war at last broke out, they had the premise to battle each other to dole out profoundly established retributions. Fight between the States and Federal Rights After transformation, there emerged two rival sides. There were the individuals who needed for additional states rights and the individuals who contended that the national government was to have more force. The states who were in favor composed themselves after the American Revolution and framed an administration. This central government was framed under a sacred show shaping inadequate structures of administration. This prompted the Pro Federal government to compose a constitution subtly without the information on the defenders of states (Selcer 92).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Causes of Civil War in the USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results were the inclination by numerous that the privileges of states to follow up on their own were ignored. The states in this way requested the invalidation of the constitution however the Federal government couldn't acknowledge it. The steadfast defenders of states’ rights unequivocally required its retraction however futile. This prompted states feeling that they are not given the regard they merit and that their perspectives were disregarded. They consequently called for severance which was the beginning of the contention that declined to common war. Uprising of Slavery Abolition Movement The Northerners rose to be against subjugation, slave holders and constrained work. They become progressively resolved to make sure that the heartless treatment of other people reached a conclusion. Subsequently, they increased increasingly more help and supporters. Their exertion got a significant lift with the entry of outlaw slave act. Under this demonstration, the individuals who had criminal slaves; both in slave and non slave states were obliged to assume liability and responsibility of their deeds (Sammis 14). This conflicted with the desires of the Southerners who felt they were the objective of the enactment. End The US common war was the deadliest in the nineteenth century, numerous lives were lost, property demolished and sharp contrasts existed. In spite of all these, United States of America have accommodated her kin. From that point forward they have grasped the soul of harmony, grasped one another and have figured out how to endure each other’s sees. They have from that point forward supported their vote based system to be the best and generally respected on the planet. The entire world ought to gain from the USA for it to be a superior spot for everybody. War ought not be an update or an exercise to mankind. Sammis, Kathy. Concentrate on U.S History: The Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Walch Publishing, 1997: pp 1-20Advertising Searching for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Selcer, F. Richard. Common War America, 1875 to 1875. Infobase Publishing, 2006: pp 77-102 Stoker, J. Donald. The Grand structure: Strategy and the U.S Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2010: pp 122-150

The Second Amendment and Gun Violence - Free Essay Example

What does a gun sound like? You should ask the thousands of people that die every year from gun violence. People die every year due to gun violence, death rates have gone up since 1984, when the first deadliest shooting occurred 21 were killed and 19 were injured. Gun violence has an immense impact on America. Gun violence leads to homicides, suicides and accidental shootings. Guns have always had an impact on us ever since the 21st century. Gun violence is a leading issue in the United States, 43,723 incidents have happened since the beginning of 2018. This includes mass shootings, accidental shootings, self defense, suicides and more. 2,664 of these were children 17 or under either killed or injured. Gun control would help reduce these numbers if they enforced them. The government should enforce gun control on guns because guns are a threat in many ways. It contributes to gun violence like homicide, suicide, mass shootings and more. Federal prosecution has increased since 1993, new laws are needed to help keep gun control from spiraling. If there were more gun control laws that would reduce gun violence, making death rates drop dramatically there would be no violence. If there is more gun control kids would be safer in schools and public places. If there was better gun control less school shootings would happen, drive bys would decrease, and their lives would be spared. School shootings have spiraled since the 19th century. The first ever school shooting was on November 12th, 1840 in Charlottesville Virginia at the University of Virginia. A former student John Anthony Gardner Davis was fatally shot by Joseph Semmes, and later died. Millions of kids newborn to 17 years old have died due to accidental shootings since the 19th century and the numbers are increasing due to the fact that most families still own guns. The Center to Prevent Handgun Violence has proven that 50 percent of families keep loaded guns in the household. Guns in a household can contribute to domestic violence with a gun in the house the odds of homicide increases 5 times. Within one month at least 50 woman where shot or injured by their partner. Women who are in a domestic relationship are often threatened by a gun to control their lives and to make sure they do not leave, even if they would never pull the trigger. For example, Marissa Alexander was sentenced to 20 years in prison for firing a warning shot at her husband after he threatened to kill her. Alexander had fired warning shots because of Floridas stand-your-ground law, A law that allows people to defend themselves with force when their life is in danger. She believed if she fired a warning shot this law would protect her from her abusive husband, however at the time warning shots were not part of this law nor legal. The stress of domestic violence that the woman go through cost us economically. Guns have affected the economy in various ways making taxpayers suffer when there is an accident or purchase of a gun. Without Medicaid orMedicare, most people would go bankrupt for their own health. The total cost of gun violence is 229 billion dollars and Medicare cost a total of 251 billion. Thats 700 dollars for each taxpayer a year, paying for the bills of each incident, suicide, homicide, and the medical cost. Some people, however, may disagree with the argument that guns should be less controlled. They believe guns should be less controlled and used more often to help citizens protect themselves from the dangers of the world. Guns dont kill people, people kill people. That if you put tighter gun control on guns it does not change on how they value human life. That guns are not the problem but the people. Some people might say that guns are a big part of a persons daily life. Especially when it could cost their own life. When a person feels like they are in danger they are most likely to do whatever it takes to make the threat disappear. For example, when someone breaks into your home a gun is very handy for self-defense. Or when you are walking home alone on a late night and feel someone walking or following right behind you. Its a time like this is when a handgun is most convenient. People should have the right to own a handgun for self-defense. If you take away the second amendment you will only take away our sense of safety. That gun control will not decrease the death rates at all but make the mind of a killer more creative. Knives, vehicle attacks, and homemade explosives will do as much damage as a gun would. Gangs are also the cause of gun violence gang violence accounts for half of violent crime inAmerica. There are almost 33,000 active gangs inAmerica. The NRA (National Rifle Association) supported gun control when the Black Panthers in the 1960s of California decided to retaliate against police brutality by patrolling the city with guns. Although Ronald Reagan who was an NRA member passed a bill to ban open carry the bill did apply to everyone in California, but it was mostly directed to the black panthers. The way the Black Panthers viewed the second amendment made them innovators they did not think of the right to bear arms in their home but to protect themselves in the street. Racism is also a reason why people view the second amendment differently. For example, Philando Castile who was only 39 years old was pulled over and shot by officer Jeronimo Yanez within 40 seconds of pulling Philando over he shot Philando 9 times for the possession of a firearm with registration. Witnesses were his 4 year old daughter and his girlfriend Diamond Reynolds. It took 40 seconds to take his life and to traumatize his girlfriends and their daughter as they watched him die. 91 percent of colored people are more targeted than white people. Over 300 million guns are spiraling around america. (Guns In America, By America) Even with tight gun control applying it to everyone is not the best and easy way it would take time to apply the law to everyone. For example if America was to attempt a buyback they would not be able to collect guns from everyone. A buyback is when the original seller buys back their own product. In fact America would most likely only get guns that no one wanted or broken guns. To attempt a buyback with guns would be economically impossible. Australia was able to operate a buyback with guns and payed everyone for returning the guns the only difference is they have a lower percentage of guns in their country, the number of guns they have as of 2017 is 3,573,000. America has 86 times more guns then that.

Bullying Is A Form Of Abuse - 1399 Words

Bullying can be defined as ‘aggressive, intentional acts or behaviours that are carried out by a group or an individual, repeatedly and over time against a victim, who cannot easily defend him or herself’ (Smith et al, 2006, p1; Slonje and Smith, 2008). Bullying is a form of abuse that is based on an ‘imbalance of power’ (Shariff, 2005, p459; Smith et al, 2006, p1). Some examples of bullying include name-calling, spreading rumours, and sexual harassment. Increasingly, technology is being used as a method of bullying, and where this is the case, the term ‘cyberbullying’ is used (DCSF, 2009; Mishna et al, 2009). ‘Cyberbullying’ was a term first used and defined by Canadian educator Bill Belsey around the turn of the millennium (Campbell, 2005). Belsey defined cyberbullying as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm others† (cited in Butler et al, 2008, p21). Belsey’s definition of cyberbullying is widely used in academic and government literature (Li, 2006; 2007a, p2; Smith et al, 2008; DCSF, 2009). Traditional bullying, which can include face-to-face, verbal or physical altercations, differs from cyberbullying in several ways (Smith et al, 2008; Slonje and Smith, 2008; Dilmac, 2009). For instance, cyberbullying introduces technology, such as the internet and mobile phones, into the equation, which provides a different route for the bully to target theirShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesis familiar with bullying, it’s almost like a rite of passage for most Americans; we see it in movies and are all-too familiar with it. We typically don’t think about the consequences of bullying, but studies have shown that students who are bullied at school in grades 7-12 are 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). 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Border Security Deal Boosts Immigration Bill Prospects Essay

Alan, G., USA, T. (n.d): Border-security deal boosts immigration bill prospects. usa today. In this article, the author have related how to reinforce the U.S border from the inflow of illegal immigrants from Mexico and regularized those immigrants who already live in U.S .The worries that bill devoted be used to provide more manpower, fencing and technology on the border with Mexico is minimized. The U.S decision makers are divided about illegal immigration issue .One group decides to invest in border security, but other group suggests to use that bill to offer citizenship to millions of people before it is proven, or certified by Congress, that the porous border is truly secure so millions more will not follow them. Yet there is not a final decision about this illegal immigration issue. The author Alan Greenspan is economist, Ph.D. from New York City University. 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Just-in-Time Inventory Management free essay sample

Just-in-Time is an inventory management philosophy that aims to reduce inventories by implementing systems and processes to supply a product or service exactly when it is needed, and how it is needed in the production process. The concept of JIT is widely accepted today by many American manufacturing companies, and it is a means of controlling costs through striving to maintain lean inventories—in fact, the concept of JIT was introduced in the early 1980’s to the U. S. as a concept know as â€Å"zero inventories†. This inventory control concept involves close relationships with vendors or suppliers, who are able to provide components of the product direct to the work-in-process area, in a â€Å"pull† type fashion, whereby the components are delivered immediately before they are required. Since the introduction of the JIT concept, it has evolved to become a management philosophy that requires a corporate-wide commitment to do a process right the first time, and to reduce non-value added activities in the manufacturing process. Because the concept largely centers on this element of focusing on the elimination of waste in the manufacturing process, the JIT concept emphasizes the need for the supplier and the receiver of goods to never have to wait on the other. Ideally, the concept is beneficial to both supplier and manufacturer in this way, because it allows both companies to reduce their Work In Process (WIP) and finished goods inventory, while reducing inefficiencies and bottlenecks in the system—thus cutting costs and improving profitability. The first article pertaining to JIT discusses practical application of JIT methods in the health care industry, titled â€Å"Applying Just-In-Time Systems in Health Care†, from the magazine, IIE Solutions. The article describes the opportunities that exist in health care organizations in general, to implement JIT type practices to help improve profitability and work flow. In general, the opportunities that exist for a service organization to implement a JIT strategy involve an approach that breaks down specific services into â€Å"manufacturing like† processes. There are many opportunities in service organizations to apply JIT concepts, but the health care organizations that are best suited for JIT management or those companies that have operations that are repetitive and reasonably high volume dealing in tangible assets. According to the article, examples of JIT opportunities in health care include: central supply warehouses, materials management and pharmacies, and nursing staff scheduling. The most obvious candidate of these for opportunities to apply JIT management to is the area of materials management and pharmacy, because it clearly involves the flow of material and tangible goods. In order to help maintain low inventories of medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, hospitals use JIT philosophy to reduce their overall number of suppliers, pick suppliers that are consistent and reliable, and close in proximity to the facility. In addition, many hospitals receive material goods six days a week, and develop a â€Å"community† strategy whereby hospitals are networked together to share pharmaceuticals with one another, as well as local pharmacies to ensure that they can deliver life saving drugs to their patients, without stocking high inventory levels. Accounting implications of using a JIT system in the health care industry are similar to those in a manufacturing organization. According to this article, manufacturing organizations often use process costing, where unit costs are calculated by dividing production costs of a period by the output of that period. In a process costing system, it is important to have homogenous processes, and while certain business activities in a health care system are similar, the clinical aspect of health care are more unique and therefore a challenge to group into a process costing system. The article concludes with a cautionary perspective on implementing JIT in the health care system. While the fundamental point of any JIT system is to reduce overall cost, in a health care environment (and thus one could infer, in a manufacturing environment), unless the organization can transfer or eliminate costs of operating functions, implementing the JIT program can actually add cost to the bottom line. Considering the fact that the shifting of inventory from the hospital to the supplier is going to raise the supplier’s inventory level, it is reasonable to conclude that the supplier might raise their rates. In addition, if JIT systems are not managed properly, they inherently raise the risk of stock outages of inventory—in the health care environment, medical supply outages can be life threatening. The second article discussed is titled, â€Å"Just-In-Time Inventory Management: Implementation of a Successful Program†, from a 1995 edition of Review of Business. This article describes the basic process of implanting JIT in an organization, and provides an excellent summary of the management philosophy in general, however, it concludes with a similar cautionary note to the first article. To begin, this article discusses the three basic stages of JIT: Kanban systems, Production planning, and Global management philosophy. Each stage is more advanced than the prior, and the article notes that any organization utilizing any of these levels of JIT, describes itself as a JIT based company. The Kanban, derived from the Japanese words kan (card), and ban (signal), is the most basic form of JIT. The Kanban is a materials movement tracking device that serves as a shop floor control tool, allowing the scheduling of inventory movement through the assembly line. The second stage of JIT, production planning, focuses on receiving production materials right when they are needed, which allows the manufacturer to keep only the inventory on hand that is needed for production before the next shipment arrives. This process is driven by having a continuous flow of materials to the factory, and by receiving the materials directly to the work area, it eliminates the double handling that can occur when materials are received to a shipping area, then warehoused, then moved to the production floor. In this form of JIT, lead time from suppliers is dramatically reduced—sometimes to only hours. Because lead times are reduced, forecasting of materials is less important and it becomes easier to determine what is needed for production each day. One of the key elements of production planning is establishing long term contractual agreements with quality suppliers that can be relied upon to supply high quality materials and eliminate in-house processing. Because it is important to eliminate non-value added activities, it is also critical that the manufacturer implements an in-line quality control process, where every employee is responsible for quality control. According to this article, in the third and most evolved stage of JIT, global management philosophy, the JIT process is embedded throughout the manufacturing environment. It is so effective that inventory tracking is completely eliminated, as the pull system is integrated so well that suppliers react to demand. The embedded JIT philosophy guides facility planning, technology specialization, and resource sharing. The article provides a terrific framework for implementing a JIT strategy, and documents many of the issues that can arise in transitioning to a JIT system, as well as some best practices for overcoming them. First and foremost, it is critical for companies to have a partnership with their suppliers, and realize that it is a two-way street. The company cannot expect the supplier to automatically bear the burden of just shifting the inventory back upstream. A successful JIT program will realize cost savings at the supplier and the purchaser. Communication is key, as it is critical for an open and trusting relationship between suppliers and purchasers. In JIT, the supplier often implements supplier certification programs that help to guarantee quality of product and delivery. This is necessary, as in striving to eliminate wasted cost, the JIT based company trusts the supplier to provide a quality product. Because the number of suppliers is usually reduced through JIT, the impact of poor quality can be dramatic, as it can completely shut down a production line and lead to lost profit opportunity. The article concludes that there is a definitive down side to using JIT, however, if implemented properly, it can significantly impact work in process costs, boost profitability and give a manufacturer a competitive edge. Some of the challenges of JIT included the fact that JIT accounting can be quite difficult because it can be hard to set discrete stocking check points in a system with low in-process inventory, particularly if the manufacturing process is long. In addition, because JIT places such an emphasis on supplier relationships, the company is vulnerable to supplier shut downs. In addition, an example is cited in this article of a company that halted its implementation of JIT because of its impact on the balance sheet. Since JIT causes inventory (which is counted as an asset) to decrease, the company’s asset-to-debt and asset-to-equity ratios were negatively impacted which was looked at as unfavorable to stock holders and lenders. The third article discussed in this paper is titled â€Å"Just-in-Time Under Fire: The Five Major Constraints Upon JIT Practices†, from the Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. Again, this is an article that is critical of JIT, citing that it is appropriate only for limited economic environments, is ineffective in some organizational cultures, is unattainable by many small suppliers, and in practice, it does not truly reduce an organization’s total costs. It supports this view by describing five major constraints regarding just-in-time philosophy, and supports them with literature and real world examples. The constraints include the following: customer-driven and economic conditions, logistics, organizational culture and conditions, intractable accounting and finance practices, and small supplier difficulties. The customer-driven and economic condition restraint concludes that JIT is difficult to maintain when raw materials prices are experiencing fluctuations. Corporate capital availability and fluctuation is also cited as a deterrent to JIT cost savings. Customer-driven demand fluctuations clearly impact the success of JIT, as the JIT model assumes a relatively consistent demand in the end product. Should demand suddenly decline, a company will have a sudden build up of finished goods inventory, which could negate the savings associated with the JIT implementation. Logistics is the second and the most prominently supported constraint in this article. This is obviously the biggest concern of JIT, because the practice is clearly logistic intensive, as it relies so heavily on the assumption that production materials will be delivered to the right place at the right time. Organizational culture and conditions are cited as the third constraint, both internally and with suppliers. Because JIT can be a major shift in the way a company does business, it may not fit with the corporate culture, or be practical for the type of good being produced—particularly for high-end custom type products. Intractable accounting and finance practices are cited as the fourth constraint, which is supported in a similar fashion to the other articles, citing that the lack of variation in in-process inventory make traditional costing methods difficult. In addition, traditional measures of company value such as ROI and quarterly earnings often deter executive commitment to the long term goals of JIT. The fifth constraint that limits the feasibility of JIT is cited as small supplier difficulties.